Synth. doi: 10.1016/j.snb.2007.11.022. Anal. doi: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2016.06.017, Liao, J. C., Mi, L., Pontrelli, S., and Luo, S. (2016). However, studies have shown that most of the microorganisms isolated from the reactors are still unexplored (e.g., Krause et al., 2008; Figure 2) and may be a source for new products and services in the future. doi: 10.1007/s10295-009-0598-8, Liu, X., Zhang, W., Zhao, Z., Dai, X., Yang, Y., and Bai, Z. Leptospirillum ferrooxidans basead Fe 2+ sensor. (2003). Generalized Transduction. This expression induces antibody production and immunization. Correspondingly, commercial interest has risen for applications where microbial communities make important contributions. J. Toxicol. Such benefits are the product of the positive and multifunctional roles of mycorrhizal fungi in plant nutrition, pathogen protection, stress tolerance, and soil structure supply (Smith and Read, 2008). B., Whittle, H. C., and Aaby, P. (2016). Nutr. 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DNA vaccines consist of an expression plasmid containing genes encoding one or more immunogenic antigens of interest (Robinson, 1997). Microbes live in familiar settings such as soil, water, food, and animal intestines, as well as in more extreme settings such as rocks, glaciers, hot springs, and deep-sea vents. In addition, microbial enzymes have been used to obtain natural scents and flavorings for foods (Carroll et al., 2016), although these compounds can often be directly obtained from the general metabolism of filamentous fungi, such as A. niger and Pycnoporus cinnabarinus, which can act together in a process that leads to the synthesis of vanillin, an important food flavoring, from autoclaved maize bran (Lesage-Meessen et al., 2002). 100, 57915803. Genetic engineering has also been important in the production of other therapeutic proteins, such as insulin, interferons, and human growth hormone, to treat a variety of human medical conditions. Pharmaceutical Industry 4. Sokhandani, Z., Moosavi, M. R., and Basirnia, T. (2016). Int. B. (2012). Synthetic dyes and colourants have been the mainstay of the pigment industry for decades. Environ. Mater. doi: 10.1080/19420862.2015.1112477, Cutts, F. T., Franceschi, S., Goldie, S., Castellsague, X., de Sanjose, S., Garnett, G., et al. Pharmaceutics 8, 7. doi: 10.3390/pharmaceutics8010007, Nizet, V. (2015). Omemu, A. M., Akpan, I., Bankole, M. O., and Teniola, O. D. (2005). Int. 7, 11041115. (2015). Technol. Research efforts have also been directed at improving the purification of drinking water. doi: 10.5433/1679-0375.2011v32n2p213, Mitragotri, S., Burke, P. A., and Langer, R. (2014). Genome :- All genetic info in a cell Chromosome :- organized unit of genome Genes = segments of DNA that code for functional products (rRNA, tRNA . On-line and in situ biosensors for monitoring environmental pollution. 35, 1721. Microbiol. Sustain. Proc. Acad. In addition, lactic acid fermentation processes have recently received more attention because of the growing demand for new biomaterials, such as biodegradable products and biocompatible polylactics (Gao et al., 2011). FEMS Yeast Res. Biosens. Microbiol. Sci. In general, these vaccines are effective stimulators of humoral immune responses, but in many cases, multiple doses are required for long-term immunity since they do not stimulate the production of immunoglobulin A (IgA) or cytotoxic T cell responses because the virus does not replicate. Prog. Enzymes have a wide range of applications in the production of both medical and non-medical field. Macromol. Polyhydroxyalkanoates: biodegradable polymers with a range of applications. Lipkie, T. E., Ferruzzi, M., and Weaver, C. M. (2016). Probiotics are living microorganisms that have been linked to host health benefits (Gawkowski and Chikindas, 2016). doi: 10.1016/B978-0-12-384947-2.00628-0, Neushul, P. (1993). The impact of mycorrhizal fungi on Sangiovese red wine production: phenolic compounds and antioxidant properties. Appl. However, since 1978, recombinant DNA technology has been used to produce large-scale quantities of human insulin using E. coli in a relatively inexpensive process that yields a more consistently effective pharmaceutical product. A., and Heath, D. D. (2016). Xylanases are enzymes with biotechnological relevance in a number of fields, including food, feed, biofuel, and textile industries. represents microbial cells (primary) grown in mass culture and . doi: 10.1016/S0168-1656(98)00180-1, Hofvendahl, K., and Hahn-Hgerdal, B. GanodermaA therapeutic fungal biofactory. Bioresour. Rev. 8, 10171025. (2015). Not only biodiversity but also the unique nature and the biosynthetic capacities under specific environmental conditions make microorganisms the probable candidates to solve particularly complex environmental problems, such as the biodegradation of xenobiotics, or even recurrent problems, such as the decomposition of garbage and waste piles produced daily in urban environments. The presence of the bacteria reduces the mosquito life span, thus decreasing the possibility of dengue virus transmission, since only adult females are able to transmit (Cook et al., 2008; Turley et al., 2009; Bian et al., 2010). doi: 10.1163/138855410X552670, de Maagd, R. A., Bravo, A., and Crickmore, N. (2001). Past and future of non-Saccharomyces yeasts: from spoilage microorganisms to biotechnological tools for improving wine aroma complexity. Microorganisms have also been potentially explored for the production of a new generation of biofuels (Liao et al., 2016). 83, 277281. 8:17. doi: 10.1186/1475-2859-8-17, Feyisa, B., Lencho, A., Selvaraj, T., and Getaneh, G. (2016). 627, 126140. 26, 17881799. doi: 10.1007/978-1-4939-3043-2_19, Prasad, J., Gill, H., Smart, J., and Gopal, P. K. (2000). doi: 10.1111/j.1462-2920.2005.00795.x, Chumnanpuen, P., Kocharin, K., and Vongsangnak, W. (2016). Heavy metal biosorption by chitin and chitosan isolated from Cunninghamella elegans (IFM 46109). 14, 288304. Chem. Other molecular tools, such as restriction enzymes and plasmids obtained from microorganisms, allow scientists to insert genes from humans or other organisms into microorganisms. Med. J. Pharm. . doi: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2015.09.043, Huang, X., Chen, X., Chen, Q., Yu, Q., Sun, D., and Liu, J. 30, 2332. Anal. Cancer 6, 753763. Cell Host Microbe 8, 334343. Crop Prot. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). Towards a natural system of organisms: proposal for the domains Archaea, Bacteria, and Eucarya. Because of simplicity in physiology microbes have been exploited for. Ultimately, molecular biology applications are expected to be a mainstay in the manufacture of chemicals, energy, medical, consumer products, agriculture and food, industry, cosmetics and environmental technologies. Improvement of enzyme activity, stability and selectivity via immobilization techniques. MAbs 3, 107110. doi: 10.1021/ac9805201, Nabel, G. J. New molecular methods, including genomics and metagenomics, are being . doi: 10.1016/j.ymben.2016.01.007. 27, 297306. Microbiol. Since then, the improvement of new heterologous protein production systems via E. coli enabled the commercial approval of several other products, including hormones (calcitonin, parathyroid hormone, human growth hormone, glucagon, and somatropin), interferons, and interleukins (Ferrer-Miralles et al., 2009). Food. doi: 10.1080/15287394.2016.1153447, Oliveira, R. S., Rocha, I., Ma, Y., Vostka, M., and Freitas, H. (2016b). Symbiotic microorganisms such as mycorrhizal fungi and rhizobacteria develop activities that can improve plant fitness, facilitating nutrient acquisition by the plant. Mol. Caterpillars and eggs of pests such as Spodoptera frugiperda can also be infected by baculovirus, thus reducing the agricultural losses caused by this caterpillar, especially in corn. doi: 10.1016/j.copbio.2015.09.003, Carter, P. J. Salman, T., Kamal, M., Ahmed, M., Siddiqa, S. M., Khan, R. A., and Hassan, A. The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) or licensor are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. Genetic engineering has been used to modify the properties of yeast and natural yeast, improving their performance in the fermentation process. The increasing market demand for biodegradable polymers has also stimulated the prospection of microorganisms that act in the synthesis of these compounds. (2016). For example, at one time, it was possible to treat diabetes only by giving patients pig insulin, which caused allergic reactions due to small differences between the proteins expressed in human and pig insulin. Many bacterial strains of Bacillus, Hydrogenomonas, Methanomonas, Methylomonas, and Pseudomonas have been used as substrate for the production of S on an industrial scale because these bacteria can contain approximately 80% crude protein in the total dry weight. The focus of campaigns in developing countries has been on women who are not yet sexually active, although being sexually active does not contraindicate the vaccine, which can be tetravalent (protects against types 6, 11, 16, and 18) or bivalent (protects against types 16 and 18). Ann. 1, 49. Sci. The use of enzymes in waste treatment has also been affected by the poor knowledge about the enzyme-producing species potentially applicable in the process, given that only approximately 2% of the worlds microorganisms have been tested as enzyme sources (Hasan et al., 2006). Microbial genetics provides powerful tools for deciphering the regulation, as well as the functional and pathway organization, of cellular processes. The use of biofactories does not end there: microorganisms have been explored for the synthesis of diverse chemicals, fuel molecules, and industrial polymers, and strains environmentally important due to their biodecomposing or biosorption capacity have gained interest in research laboratories and in industrial activities. 37, 541551. Cytotechnology 53, 121125. doi: 10.1016/j.apjtb.2016.01.006, Mokoena, M. P., Mutanda, T., and Olaniran, A. O. , Akpan, I., Bankole, M. O., and Aaby, P. ( 2016 ) of:..., Bacteria, and Hahn-Hgerdal, B. GanodermaA therapeutic fungal biofactory doi: 10.3390/pharmaceutics8010007, Nizet, (... Non-Medical field Langer, R. A., Selvaraj, T., and,. Industry for decades B., Lencho, A., and Eucarya: 10.1186/1475-2859-8-17, Feyisa B.... Also been potentially explored for the production of both medical and non-medical field of cellular processes monitoring pollution. 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